Jesse L. Martin

Biography

Jean-Paul Sartre is born to Paris the 21 june 1905 from Jean-Baptiste Sartre, official of navy, and from Anne-Marie - Schweitzer (celebre "dottor the Schweitzer" was cousins of Sartre). Dying the single father two years after the birth of Jean-Paul, the Anne-Marie young person shelters itself to Meudon from its parents. Here the maternal grandfather exercises on the future writer a deep infuence, also for that he concerns its premature "literary vocation". The mother passes therefore to new wedding with the director of the shipyards of the Rochelle. In the same city, the small Jean-Paul attends the grammar school. After to have achieved the baccalaureate it is admitted to the Normal School to Paris. To these years laughed them its acquaintance with Simone de Beauvoir, later on also scrittrice she celebre and fervent promotrice of movements in defense of the women, with which the life will remain legacy for all sentimentalmente. Obtained the qualification to the instruction, standard philosophy to the Havre. In the 1933 scholarship of the French Institute os for a year to Berlin with one. It assists you to the taken one of the power from part of the nazis, and reads for before turns the works of Husserl, Heidegger and Scheler. Much important readings, in the light of then, since the "fenomenologia" will inspire all its philosophical work. Three years after, in the ' 36, it publishes its first book, the philosophical test "the imagination". While, also its academic career endures of the jolts. First standard for a year to Laon, then becomes university professor of philosophy to the Pasteur Grammar school of Paris. They are the most important years for its maturation and a new evidence is in the fact that in the ' 38 publishes the novel "nausea" and the novel collection "the wall", in which already is develops the principles to you of the esistenzialista philosophy. "nausea", more than a novel in tightened sense, is a "philosophical story": Antoin Roquentin, the narrator, discovers in the anguish that nothing in its life is motivated or justified, and that, of other part, this gratuità the esime from the necessity not to choose. It is free and responsible, and is up to single he to judge if same. The five storys de "the Wall", published the following year, express these topics in a literarier language, resolving them without residual in the novellistic woven one. For which, more of Nausea, they reveal the socioculturale climate of those years. The story that it to the volume gives to the title represents the man in one extreme situation, and its effort to assume it, padroneggiarla, to exceed it. L ' sartriano esistenzialismo can in fact be defined one philosophy of the freedom, the choice and the responsibility. L ' man must invent the own life and just the destiny, must construct the own values. Not there is an essence of the man, than prefigures its existence; not there are norms, laws, authorities that predetermine its behavior. Only the right-minded people, the farisei, that they refuse the responsibility of a free existence, believe in an external necessity the man, in a stability of the things, a metaphysical order that presides to the life of the nature and the society. The right-minded people refuse the radical and rivelatrici experiences of the null one, nausea, of the anguish, than Sartre he thinks fundamental in order to provoke in the man the crisis from which emerges the requirement of the freedom and the values. Such precisazione, will be deepened from Sartre eleven years after, when, on I invite of a Polish review, then writes the test published like "Issues of method" (1957). In this test, and the successive "Critic of dialectic reason" (1960), it above all tries to integrate just the esistenzialismo in the Marxist thought, from he considered "the unsurpassable philosophy of our time". While, in those years, he lend military service to Nancy, Brumath and Mossbronn. He exits "Image and conscience", where the image is seen like the first expression of the freedom and the drama of the man. The 21 june comes made captive from the Germans to Padoux, in Lorena, and therefore interned to Treviri. Obtained the freedom (making oneself to pass for civilian }, it participates actively to the clandestine Resistance and then resumes the instruction to the Pasteur Grammar school and to the Condorcet Grammar school, where standard until the liberation of Paris. In 1943 it publishes its first drama, "the flies" (resuming the myth to the Orestiade }, and the treaty of fenomenologica ontologia "the being and the null one". In the 1945 Deep one the review "Les Temps Modernes", in which troverano expression the three fundamental experiences of its life: that philosophical one, that literary and that politics. The age of the reason "and" the dismissal ", the first two volumes of the romanzesca series "the ways of the freedom", and the only action "exit" Behind closed doors ". The esistenzialismo publishes the tests "is a umanismo", "Materialismo and revolution", "the timorata" and "Died anti-semitism", and dramas "sgualdrina without tomba". Of "L ' esistenzialismo is a umanismo" is taken care to specify in that sense goes meant the term, that had become in short generic time cosi "not to mean nuller: or better, to mean the more absurd things ". It completes a travel in Italy, with Simone de Beauvoir. In the years succeeded to you Sartre it will return in Italy tens of times. Also the political activity is intense much. It gives life, with Rousset, Rosenthal and others, to a new one left: the "Rassemblement Democratique Revolutionnaire", of inspiration Marxist but lacking of classista formulation; the following year the result of the elections will determine the failure of this party and, subsequently, its issolution. It publishes along test on Baudelaire and an other on "That cos' it is the literature" The cinematographic scenario is taken care also of cinema, predisposing "the game is made". In the ' 49 it appears "the dead women of the spirit", third volume of the series "the ways of the freedom", and the test "Arguments on politics" (with to D. Rousset and G. Rosenthal. Moreover, the devil and the good God "and the test" living Gide "exit the drama". It begins the publication on "Les Temps Modernes" of along test "the Communists and peace" (I and II), where it supports the fundamental validity of the Marxist theses, emphasizing one position from "critical companion of road". The constant element of its relationship with French the Comunsita Party is that ciascuna of the parts it poses to "bad conscience" of the other. Therefore, the sartriani are in continuous search of the "good comunismo" that them chip axes, going it to try, gradually, in Yugoslavia, in Polonia, to Cuba, in Italy, without but never finding it completely. Here as the same Sartre synthetized this situation in 1952: "the Communists are guilty because they have twisted in their way to have reason, and guilty render us, because they have reason in their way to have twisted. The sartriano written one provokes clamorous controversies with Camus, Merleau-Ponty and Lefort. It appears also the test "Saint Genet, commediante and martire". On the background of the war of Indo-china, it is pronounced on the case Henri Martin, and publishes a collection of witnesses comments to you that for the transaction Henri Martin has tito it "". In May, with Simone de Beauvoir, it visits USSR. Visit also China, and writes the preface to "From one China to the other", "photographic book" of Cartier-Bresson. The number of January of "Les Temps Modernes" exits entire dedicated to the Revolt Hungarian. Sartre, that energetic protest had already published on the "Express" one before, ribadisce, in the test "the ghost of Stalin", its indictment against Soviet politics and completes an acute analysis of the drama that has upset the socialist field. The philosophical work "of the dialectic reason" appears Critical, in which Sartre establishes a critical talk between the marxismo and just the esistenzialismo. It resides for a month to Cuba, host of Fidel Castro, and it dedicates a reportage to you on "France-Soir". He is the author of the famous "Manifesto of the 121" that proclama the right to the insubordination for the French mobilita to you in the war of Algeria. It gives the own one publishes adhesion to the Reseau. Jeanson, the sostenitrice clandestine organization of the National Forehead of Algerian Liberation. It publishes the test "living Merleau-Ponty", and the Preface to "Damns you of the earth" of F Fanon. In 1963 the autobiographic work exits "the words". The same year comes assigned to the prize Nobel to it for the literature. Sartre refuses it, justifying its gesture with personal reasons ("has always declined the official distinctions") and with objective reasons ("I is fighting in order to approach the western culture that one orients them, and would empty my action if you accepted onorificenze from East or the West"). It holds a cycle of conferences in Brasi them. It publishes "Bariona", its first drama (written during the imprisonment in Germany). It refuses I invite, rivoltogli from university Americans, to carry out a cycle of conferences in the USA in order to protest against the participation American in the Vietnam. To this purpose it is between the promotori and the members of the Court B. Russell, than in two sitting (May ' 67 to Stockholm and November ' 67 to Copenaghen), spreads a sentence document. The miscellaneo volume appears "That what can the literature" and the drama "the Troiane" in an adaptation from Euripide. The conscience of class in Flaubert "and" From the poet to the artist "publishes the tests". In winter ' 66-' 67, it completes a turn of conferences in Egypt and Israel, expressing in both countries with great franchezza its opinion on the issue Arab-Israeli. In 1968, during the facts of May, Sartre it takes part to the student fights, aligning itself to the political positions of some groups of the left extraparliamentarian. Later this critical guideline sourly in the comparisons of the French Communist Party and, on the international plan, of the U.R.S.S ribadirà. in varied occasions: as an example, rebelling against the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and assuming "the legal filocinesi" periodical responsibility. It publishes "the idiot of family", monographic test dedicated to Gustave Flaubert, in two volumes (more than 2000 total pages). Sartre does not have intentional to be a man of letters, in the sense in which it they were André Gide or Paul Valery. Like many contemporary French writers to he, it has endured the infuence of Andre Malraux, that it saw in the literature one between the ways in order to participate to the tragedy of just the time. L "' engagement" of the writer is one of the essential aspects of the sartriana moral, therefore like has been come shaping above all from the Resistance in then. It means, in short, that the writer is not a officiante of the art, and that the art is for he one way to express and to transform the world. L ' artist cannot be limited to describe; even if not it wants it, is actor. Those that says must concur ago to a dialectic general who concern it and of which part. Therefore the philosophical engagement ends in order to prolonged in the social and political engagement: how it could, in fact, the writer to feel responsible of if same, the others, the future of the world, without to adopt, at a sure moment, an external pragmatic attitude to its work? As Carl Bo has mirabilmente written of "the novelist and the vischioso world" ("Aut Aut ", n. 51, p. 175.): "Not there is doubt that Sartre represents, after the great proustiana season, the first serious attempt to give back to the novel its illuminant means dignity. All the proustiana festivity ended in order to close itself on some essential questions of the history of the man: until that point we are victims of the appearance of the things? Which thing remains of the mass of the feelings, to which we have legacy the threads of the existence? Which thing is saved from the impietosa wheel of the time? Which the probable image of the divinity? Even if wrapped in the folds of an amazing music, the last truth of these questions ended in order to go up $R-a.galla and to completely turn upside down the same order of the truth. Sartre, to way its, has tried to give one answer to the problems puttinges on the table from Proust: one of the rarest ones, with to Bernanos, Mann, Svevo. Senonché, its attempt distinguishes from the others because it is total, unitarian, and, those whom more it counts, directed in an only sense ".